Facial Expression

Facial Expression
I think the most appropriate expressions to use for the Chernoff faces would be happiness, sadness,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], surprise and fear. Anger and disgust are,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], I am sure, frequently experienced by stock market players but it would be reading too much into the data to use them. I intend to use happiness and sadness for representing rises and falls,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], with surprise or fear added in if the market is volatile. Their software will allow people to use images of their own faces instead of the more traditional emoticons to communicate their mood. By automatically warping their facial features, people can use a photo to depict any one of a range of different animated emotional expressions, such as happy, sad, angry, or surprised."
Paul Ekman started with the musculature of the human face and painstakingly documented the expressive results of each muscle contraction. He then went through the 10,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000+ possible combinations of muscle actions and documented the 3000 or so which had meaning. The result is a huge, detailed manual which is widely used in research for classifying human expressions.
in the guide,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Ekman outlines some of the questions he is addressing:
which movements signal emotion,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]?
Do the same facial movements occur in the same social contexts in different cultures,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]?
Are certain facial actions inhibited in certain social settings?
Which facial movements punctuate conversation,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], etc.?
The facial action coding system (FACS) was used to examine recognition rates in 105 healthy young men and women who viewed 128 facial expressions of posed and evoked happy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], sad, angry and fearful emotions in color photographs balanced for gender and ethnicity of poser. Categorical analyses determined the specificity of individual action units for each emotion. Relationships between recognition rates for different emotions and action units were evaluated using a logistic regression model. Each emotion could be identified by a group of action units, characteristic to the emotion and distinct from other emotions. Characteristic happy expressions comprised raised inner eyebrows, tightened lower eyelid, raised cheeks, upper lip raised and lip corners turned upward. Recognition of happy faces was associated with cheek raise, lid tightening and outer brow raise. Characteristic sad expressions comprised furrowed eyebrow, opened mouth with upper lip being raised, lip corners stretched and turned down, and chin pulled up. Only brow lower and chin raise were associated with sad recognition. Characteristic anger expressions comprised lowered eyebrows,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], eyes wide open with tightened lower lid, lips exposing teeth and stretched lip corners. Recognition of angry faces was associated with lowered eyebrows, upper lid raise and lower lip depression. Characteristic fear expressions comprised eyes wide open, furrowed and raised eyebrows and stretched mouth. Recognition of fearful faces was most highly associated with upper lip raise and nostril dilation, although both occurred infrequently, and with inner brow raise and widened eyes. Comparisons are made with previous studies that used different facial stimuli.
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