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Sex in Peru by Rick Vecchio - Part IIArticle Summary: This is the second part of an interesting article about sex in Peru, from an historical point of view.
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Huacos eroticos also have been found from the Vicus and Salinar cultures dating [url=http://www.cdtempo.fr/abercrombie-soldes/]abercrombie soldes[/url] back to Peru's Early Horizon Period, from roughly 850 B.C. to 200 B.C. The Nazca culture, which flourished on Peru's southern coast during the same period as the Moche, stressed painting more than ceramic modeling where sexual motifs were concerned. [url=http://www.offroggysvalley.fr/veste-canada-goose-pas-cher/]veste canada goose pas cher[/url] Sexual ceramics also [url=http://www.mifss.it/moncler-outlet-milano/]moncler outlet milano[/url] have been found from the Recuay culture, of that same period, in Peru's northern highlands.
Peruvian archaeologist Federico Kauffman-Doig has argued that the Moche pottery, as well as phallic architectural monuments and artifacts of other Peruvian cultures, are evidence of a deeply rooted fertility cult that spanned the Peruvian coast and Andes until the Spanish Conquest toppled the Inca Empire in the 16th Century.
"There were two main divinities, the God of water and the Earth Goddess, Pachamama," he said. "There wasn't one asexual god, but a divine couple. The Pachamama bestowed her fruits when made fertile by the God of water."
Few if any artifacts exist to shed light on sexual practices during the Inca Empire's reign' from roughly 1438 until 1532, when Francisco Pizarro's invading force landed on Peru's northern shore. What there is to know is gleaned from the often-questionable historical record left by the early colonial chroniclers, church documents, and customs and oral traditions that persist to the present day in Andean culture.
Symbolic representations of women engaging in sexual play with magical man-beast creatures not only show up in Moche ceramics, but also in Andean folklore and dances, which, despite drawing the ire of Colonial-era missionaries, survived and are still evident today, [url=http://www.offroggysvalley.fr/canada-goose/]canada goose[/url] Kauffman-Doig said.
The Iberian campaign of plunder, colonization and ecclesiastic conversion of native tribes to Catholicism was an enterprise plagued by contradiction, internal strife and bloodshed.
A decade after the Peruvian conquest began, Spanish conquistadors were locked in murderous rivalries within their own ranks and openly challenged the Spanish throne's right to dictate how they exploited resources and the native population, which was being devastated by smallpox, measles and typhus brought by the European invaders.
Meanwhile, rebel descendants of Inca royalty where holed up in Vilcabamba, directing guerrilla attacks against Spanish colonists and spurring native religious movements to expel the Spaniards and their holy trinity.
The Spanish imperial council promulgated statutes designed to put a stop to cruelties inflicted on the indigenous population. The first Spanish viceroy arrived in Peru in 1544 and attempted to enforce New Laws, but the conquistadors rebelled and killed him two later.
In 1569 the second viceroy Francisco de Toledo, arrived in Peru. During the ensuing 12 [url=http://www.zozo.fr/chaussures-jimmy-choo/]chaussures jimmy choo[/url] years he established a highly effective although harshly [url=http://www.daikai-billiard.com/cgi-bin/bbs/epad.cgi?del=8886]escarpin louboutin pas cher T[/url] repressive, system of government that attempted to protect the natives [url=http://trentgardner.net/wordpress-flickr-manager/comment-page-6/#comment-1165852]Trekking in Northern Thailand - written by Kevin Butters[/url] from further annihilation.
But the protection Toledo offered [url=http://www.cdtempo.fr/abercrombie-france/]abercrombie france[/url] was paternalistic in nature, design to defend what Spain consider inherently incapacitated, weak souls from their own heresies. [url=http://www.sports11.co.uk/category/mulberry-factory-shop/]Mulberry Factory Shop[/url] Sexual repression became a cornerstone religious conversion.
Surrounded by advisers from the clergy, Toledo was obsessed with eliminating a common social practice that the Quechua-speaking population referred to as servinacuy, misqui, tincunacuy, antincunacuspa, which all translate roughly "trial marriage."
The Spanish viceroyalty and proselytizing priests were aghast to find that the indigenous population placed no particular importance on female chastity and had no prohibition against pre-marital sex. One of Peru's most famous Colonial-era churchmen, Jesuit Jose' de Acosta, described it as a "grave error" that was "deeply rooted in the heart of the barbarians," according to "Family Values in Seventeenth-Century Peru," an article by Duke University anthropologist Irene Silverblatt.
"Virginity, which is viewed with esteem and honor by all men, is deprecated by those barbarians, as some thing vile," he wrote in 1590. "Except for the virgins consecrated to the Sun or the Inca, all other women are considered of less value when they are virgin, and thus whenever possible they give themselves to the first man [url=http://www.sports11.co.uk/category/mulberry-outlet/]mulberry outlet[/url] they find."
To help put matters right, Toledo ordered that Indians caught cohabitating outside of Church-sanctioned wedlock, receive 10 lashes of the whip "to persuade these Indians to remove themselves from this custom so detrimental and pernicious."
Toledo also decreed near total segregation of the sexes, ordering that no indigenous man "have by his side his sister, nor sister-in-law, nor aunt, nor female relative of his father who be less than 50 years of age." He added, "No Indian girl nor widow being 50 years old or younger shall serve or drink with a brother, nor brother-in-law, nor uncle, nor male cousin. "
The penalty for violating these decrees was 100 lashes and two years forced service in pestilent state hospitals.
Colonial chroniclers offered conflicting accounts of the Incas' acceptance or disapproval of homosexuality. Some said it was brutally repressed, others maintained it was commonplace among the Inca noble class, known as the Orejones, or Big Ears, so-called because of the two-inch plugs they wore in their ear lobes.
Two Quechua language maxims, "Ama Maclla"(don't be effeminate) and "Ama Mapa" (don't be homosexual), have been interpreted by some modern day social scientists to mean that the Incas were definitely opposed to same sex unions.
Toledo pressed the issue, interrogating tribal chiefs [url=http://www.offroggysvalley.fr/veste-canada-goose/]veste canada goose[/url] on the subject in 1571. He wrote to King Philip as part of his famous "Informaciones," that the "abominable sin" (sodomy) was indeed practiced in Colloa, the largest and southernmost quarter of the Inca Empire,' as well as in Chincha on the central coast.
But Toledo noted that in the Altiplano the Inca dealt harshly with homosexuals, who were routinely "tied to a dog and thrown into a river" to drown.
Under the Inquisition, brought to Peru in 1569, homosexuality was punishable by burning at the stake. Peru's indigenous peoples were technically not subject to the Inquisition.
However [url=http://www.matevert.fr/category/doudoune-moncler-boutique/]doudoune moncler boutique[/url] the Church, particularly Peru's Jesuits, acted aggressively to not only root out, smash and burn the physical vestiges of heathen idolatry, but also extirpate demonic influence from the hearts, minds and loins of the native populace.
At the forefront of this campaign was Jesuit Jose de Acosta, whose Third Lima Council tailored elaborate sermons and confession manuals question and answer catechisms to rail against native heresies that thrived despite decades of evangelization.
The Peruvian religious texts, written in Castilian, Quechua, and [url=http://www.proverb.fr/category/acheter-louboutin-pas-cher/]acheter louboutin pas cher[/url] Aymara, paid particular attention to the "bad customs" of the intended converts and placed explicit constraints on sexual relations. The multilingual catechisms [url=http://www.wenshen8.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=1][/url] amounted to astonishingly detailed interrogations seeking admissions to lingering beliefs in Andean deities, as well as adultery, extramarital sex, masturbation and sodomy.
The tide of this missionary zeal ebbed somewhat by the end of the seventeenth century, as interest in extirpatory endeavors waned with a decline in the influence and fervor of the Inquisition in Spain.
It is difficult to gauge to what extent the Spaniard's succeeded in imposing Christian morality on the indigenous population, which declined to less than a million by the end of the colonial era in the early nineteenth century, but later rebounded with its language and many of its customs intact to form the majority in modern Peru.
A common historical view is that Catholicism, if nothing else, superimposed itself on native beliefs and practices, but fell far short of replacing them. Village fiestas and religious festivals were brought within the compass of an overriding aesthetic ideal, but nevertheless remained tinged by what authorities considered "superstitious" or "magical" elements that had earlier been condemned by the church and state as incorrigibly heretical.
Many repressed customs were simply displaced to the high punas and rural chapels far from priestly scrutiny. Then, as now, coca leaves and guinea pigs continued to be offered to the huacas traditional Andean deities believed to reside in mountains, rivers, the sun and moon and in celestial bodies.
Given these outward manifestations, which is to say what holdover of pre-Hispanic practices were still taking place privately in the bedroom?
For many, Spanish colonial efforts to impose "Christian values" on their Andean subjects only highlight the hypocrisy of the whole
In short, the Spaniard never practiced what they preached to stem their [url=http://www.leherodeslapins.fr/hollister-pas-cher-france-3/]Hollister Pas Cher France[/url] own sexual and material appetites in Peru when it served as the epicenter of [url=http://www.mcbran.fr/co/hollister-site-officiel/]hollister site officiel[/url] a South American viceroyalty that was corrupt to its core.
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About the Author:
"Sex in Peru by Rick Vecchio - Part II" is the second part of a 2-part article published by Rick Vecchio. He is one of the heads of Fertur Peru, an important travel agency in Peru that organizes amazing Peru tours for torurists from all over the world.
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