christian louboutin chaussures Elastomer applicati

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INTRODUCTION TO ELASTOMERS:
Rubber is one of the materials which has benefitted [url=http://www.renaissancedestoiles.fr]christian louboutin chaussures[/url] mankind rather immensely and in innumerable ways. It is unimaginable to think of everyday life without it. Surely, its discovery is one of the greatest of all time. Natural rubber is believed to have been discovered initially by a [url=http://www.tagverts.de/wellensteyn.php]wellensteyn outlet[/url] South American Indian woman as the tears of a "Crying tree". The natives were using it in a variety of primitive ways, viz., for clothing, shoes, and even for making bouncing balls for children to play with. However, rubber in its original form as derived from latex finds limited use without further processing [url=http://www.piktor.fr/abercrombie-france/]abercrombie france[/url] it to suit a specific need. Actually, natural rubber does not have stable properties as it can become plastic even at moderately higher temperatures or become brittle in cold conditions.
It was left to Charles Goodyear, an inventor, in the year 1839 to accidentally discover the "vulcanization" process by adding sulfur to natural rubber and heating- that resulted in a harder [url=http://www.technick.fr]hollister[/url] substance. Synthetic rubbers have come to be known as elastomers in the modern polymer era, with [url=http://www.pollinate.it/category/moncler-outlet-online/]moncler outlet online[/url] names such as Neoprene, Isoprene, Styrene-Butadiene, Butyl, Nitril, Acrylic, Butadiene, Urethane, etc.
The industrial and commercial [url=http://www.chu-forex.fr/airjordan.php]nike air jordan pas cher[/url] use of rubber products is immense due to the many outstanding properties of rubber, namely, its elasticity, its mouldability into any desired shape or size, the adaptability for changing it to suit the desired engineering properties, e.g., strength or toughness, through chemical, pressure and thermal treatments. Vulcanization process changes the structure of the polymer chains of natural rubber permanently, resulting in changed physical and mechanical [url=http://www.tesangay.com/barbour.php]barbour deutschland[/url] properties. The present paper briefly discusses a) some aspects of the special elastic properties of rubber compared to other engineering materials and how these are utilized for industrial applications and b) examples of computer simulation [url=http://www.batfriendtrust.it]scarpe hogan[/url] of its mechanical behavior by means of the finite element method.
NEW AGE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
Some of the new age industries where elastomers [url=http://www.mxitcms.com/abercrombie/]abercrombie milano[/url] are extensively used are listed below:
1.Automotive:
Tuned mass dampers, rubbers seals, tyre and tube manufacturing, pipes and hoses, boots, sleeves and covers for various equipment's, etc.
2.Aerospace :
Air [url=http://www.minami-osaka.net/user-cgi-bin/bbs.cgi/%3Cbr%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/li%3E]doudoune moncler france Biote[/url] management ducts, diaphragms, interior foils, hose and hoselines, air spring systems, etc.
3.Defense:
Coating for radar and other defense equipment's, camouflage netting, radar [url=http://www.davidhabchy.com]barbour sale[/url] absorbing material, low RCS antennas, de-icing of aircraft wings by resistive heating, etc.
4.Biomechanics and the medical/dental professions :
Surgery devices, prostheses, orthopedics, orthodontics, dental implants, artificial [url=http://www.accrh.fr]doudoune moncler[/url] limbs, artificial organs, wheelchairs and beds, monitoring equipment, etc.
5.Highway safety and flight safety :
Seat belt design, impact absorbers, seat and padding design, passenger [url=http://www.lotogame.fr/louboutin-pas-cher/]louboutin pas cher[/url] protection etc.
6.Sports and consumer:
Helmet design, shoe design, athletic protection gear, sports equipment safety, etc.
7.Others:
Dental Products, paints and coatings, cement and concrete adhesives, special wood protection coatings, biocompatible materials, medical and dental adhesives, etc.
FAILURE IN ELASTOMER:
Another important and perhaps a difficult to understand characteristic of rubber is its failure. Initiation of failure in rubber can occur because of several reasons. Some of them are listed below:
1.Flaws introduced during the manufacturing processes, e.g., compound mixing, extrusion, molding, or vulcanization, etc.
2.Fatigue caused by service loads.
3.Material degradation due to environmental/mechanical/thermal conditions.
4.Environmental reasons.
5.Overrating the product for the specific load rate.
6.Subjected to high and low temperatures, heavy pressure variation, etc.
DESIGN ENGINEERING SUPPORT:
The engineering support for elastomer design and evaluations is to a great extent assisted by mathematical modeling and computer simulations of elastomer response subjected to real life loading conditions. Computer simulations are an excellent means of understanding the complex mechanical behavior using the visualization and graphic capabilities available with modern FE tools such as Ansys, Abacus, Nastran, etc. which have advanced material models and computational techniques built into their code. These programs also provide the user additional capabilities for research and experiment, e.g. provision to plug in user defined mathematical models, etc. Computer simulations for modeling elastomer behavior, e.g., involve the following:
1.Mathematical modeling of constitutive behavior
2.Finite Element Analysis
3.Rigid [url=http://www.footdedemain.fr]jordan[/url] body Simulations
4.Computational Fluid Dynamics
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
The mathematical models used for modeling elastomer mechanical response use the concepts of stretch ratio and the strain energy potentials. Strain energy potentials are used to relate stresses to strains in hyper-elastic (elastomer) materials. The strain energy potential is nothing but the strain energy function and is [url=http://lucky-future.sakura.ne.jp/miu5923-renka7846/tenban2/aska.cgi]www.tagverts.de/wellensteyn.p[/url] also [url=http://www.piktor.fr/louboutn/]louboutin[/url] related to [url=http://www.colors-st.com/mobile/epad/epad.cgi?del=281749%3C/a%22]christian louboutin chaussure[/url] the stretch ratio.
Based on the strain energy potential and the stretch ratio concepts, there are several mathematical models which are being used to describe the stress-strain behavior of elastomers. Some of these are:
1.Polynomial Method
2.Mooney-Rivlin
3.Neo-Hookean
4.Yeoh
5.Arruda- Boyce
6.Ogden
7.Blatz-ko
8.Hyper foam.
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Elastomer applications in new age industries and engineering supportArticle Summary: Rubber is one of the materials which has benefitted mankind rather immensely and in innumerable ways. It is unimaginable to think of everyday life without it. Surely, its discovery is one of the greatest of all time.

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